biology neet 2021 syllabus

 

NEET Syllabus 2021 for Biology

                          Class 11

• Diversity in Living World
• Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Cell
• Structure and Function

• Plant Physiology

• Human physiology

                                                   Class 12

• Reproduction

• Genetics and Evolution 
• Biology and Human Welfare
• Biotechnology and Its Applications Ecology and environment

• Topicwise approximate Questions and Weightage.

  Name of the chapter	Number of questions asked (Approx.)	Weightage in percentile
  Anatomy of Flowering Plants	0-1	2
  Animal Kingdom	2	7
  Biodiversity and Conservation	1	3
  Biological Classification	0-1	2
  Biomolecules	1	4
  Biotechnology and its Applications	1	3
  Biotechnology: Principles and Processes	1	3
  Body Fluids and Circulation	0-1	1
  Breathing and Exchange of Gases	0-1	2
  Cell Cycle and Cell Division	0-1	2
  Cell: The Unit of Life, Biomolecules	0-1	2
  Chemical Coordination and Integration	1	4
  Digestion and Absorption	1	3
  Ecosystem	0-1	2
  Environmental Issues	0-1	2
  Evolution	0-1	2
  Excretory Products and their Elimination	0-1	2
  Human Health and Disease	1	3
  Locomotion and Movement	0-1	2
  Microbes in Human Welfare	0-1	2
  Mineral Nutrition	0-1	1
  Molecular Basis of Inheritance	2	6
  Morphology of Flowering Plants	1	5
  Neural Control and Coordination	0-1	2
  Organisms and Populations	0-1	2
  Photosynthesis in Higher Plants	0-1	2
  Plant Growth and Development	0-1	1
  Plant Kingdom	1	4
  Principles and Inheritance and Variation	1	5
  Reproduction in Organisms	0-1	1
  Reproductive Health	0-1	2
  Respiration in Plants	0-1	1
  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	1	5
  Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production	0-1	2
  Structural Organisation in Animals	0-1	2
  Human Reproduction	1	3
  Locomotion and Movement	0-1	2
  Microbes in Human Welfare	0-1	2
  Mineral Nutrition	0-1	1
  Molecular Basis of Inheritance	2	6
  Morphology of Flowering Plants	1	5
  Neural Control and Coordination	0-1	2
  Organisms and Populations	0-1	2
  Photosynthesis in Higher Plants	0-1	2
  Plant Growth and Development	0-1	1
  Plant Kingdom	1	4
  Principles and Inheritance and Variation	1	5
  Reproduction in Organisms	0-1	1
  Reproductive Health	0-1	2
  Respiration in Plants	0-1	1
  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	1	5
  Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production	0-1	2
  Locomotion and Movement	0-1	2
  Microbes in Human Welfare	0-1	2
  Mineral Nutrition	0-1	1
  Molecular Basis of Inheritance	2	6
  Morphology of Flowering Plants	1	5
  Neural Control and Coordination	0-1	2
  Organisms and Populations	0-1	2
  Photosynthesis in Higher Plants	0-1	2
  Plant Growth and Development	0-1	1
  Plant Kingdom	1	4
  Principles and Inheritance and Variation	1	5
  Reproduction in Organisms	0-1	1
  Reproductive Health	0-1	2
  Respiration in Plants	0-1	1
  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	1	5
  Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production	0-1	2
  Structural Organisation in Animals	0-1	2
  Structural Organisation in Animals	0-1	2
  The Living World	0-1	2
  Transport in Plants	0-1	1
  Total	90	100

Best books for NEET biology

1.   40 Days Biology for NEET by S Chakravarty

2.   Exploring Biology (Vol 1 & 2) by Sanjay Sharma & Sudhakar Banerjee (Arihant Publications)

3.   GR Bathla publications for Biology

4.   Medical Entrances Biology (Vol 1, 2 & 3) by Mamta R Solanki & Lalita Ghotik (Target Publications)

5.   Moderns ABC of Biology for XI & XII (B B Arora and A K Sabharwal - Modern Publishers)

6.   Objective Biology (Vol 1, 2 & 3), Dinesh Publications

7.   Objective Botany by Ansari

8.   Pradeep’s Publication Biology

9.   True man’s Objective Biology for NEET by M P Tyagi

7.Study of water samples collected from different water bodies for their pH, clarity and presence of living organisms(microscopic/planktonic).

 for download click download

6. Study of suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different sites

 Aim:Tostudythesuspendedparticulatematterontheleavescollectedfromdifferentsites.

Requirements:Slides, cover slips,earbuds,microscope,leaves of roadside plants and leaves of

a plant from green house

12. Photosynthesis topic for XI std

 

12.PHOTOSYNTHESIS

INTRODUCTION

·       All living organisms require energy to carry out their different life activities. This energy directly or indirectly comes from the sun.

·       The green plants are unique in the respect that they synthesize food in the presence of sunlight from simple substances like carbon dioxide and water.

"Photosynthesis is a Physicochemical or photo-biochemical process (anabolic & endergonic) in which organic compounds (carbohydrates) are synthesised from the inorganic raw material (H₂O & CO₂) in presence of light & pigments. O₂is evolved as a byproduct".

Light energy is conserved into chemical energy by photosynthesis.

·      90% of total photosynthesis is carried out by aquatic plants.

·      First true and oxygenic photosynthesis started in cyanobacteria (Blue - green algae).

·      In the Cuscuta (parasitic) and fungi (achlorophyllous), photosynthesis is absent.

·      Euglena is a photosynthetic organism and is the link between animals and plants. Though, they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms.

·      Roots of Tinospora and Trapa are assimilatory or photosynthetic.

·      Atmosphere contains only about 0.03percent carbon dioxide by volume. This small percentage represents 2200 billion tons of CO₂in the atmosphere. The oceans contain over 50 times by amount of atmospheric CO₂ in the form of dissolved gas or carbonates. From these two sources, about 70 billion tons of carbon is fixed by the green plants annually.

Chloroplasts / site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are green plastids. These are the special protoplasmic organelles present only in the green cells of plants. Chloroplasts act as photosynthetic apparatus.

The entire process of photosynthesis is completed in each chloroplast. Hence these are the site of photosynthetic reactions.

i)           It is the structural and functional unit of photosynthesis which is studied by Willstatter et al.

ii)         It is bounded by double lipoprotenous membranes called peristomium or chloroplast envelope (40 -60 A°)

iii)       The outer membrane is thin and permeable to no. of solute and metabolites

iv)       The inner membrane is thick and selectively permeable.

v)         In between these two membranes a space is present known as periplastidal space (100 -200 A°)

vi)       Inside the peristomium a space or cavity is present which is filled by coloureless hydrophilic matrix called as stroma.

vii)      The matrix having no. of granules, enzymes, DNA, RNA, 70’S Ribosome.

viii)    The DNA of Chloroplasts is called chloroplast DNA or ctDNA or Plastidome.

ix)        Here, stroma is the site for the dark reaction.

x)         Inside the stroma 40 to 100 grana are present

xi)        Each granum is unit of plates which are arranged one upon another and such grana are connected with each other by thin lamellae called as intergrana lamellae or stroma lamellae or fret channels having the enzyme carboxylase useful for CO2 fixation.

xii)      Each disc like structure of grana separately called as Thylakoids. In prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, etc., thylakoids are present but they lie naked in the cytoplasm

xiii)    According to the quantasomal theory the thylakoid having a membrane called as thylakoid membrane or fret membrane.

xiv)    The thylakoid membrane is made up of ultra-microscopic hemispherical units called quantasome.

xv)      The term quantasome is given by Park and Biggins.

xvi)    Each quantasome internally having 200 – 250 pigment systems like –

                Chlorophyll

                Carotenoids

                Phycobilins

•  Chlorophylls are tetrapyrrolic magnesium (Mg) porphyrin compounds.

·   Chemically chlorophyll molecule consists of two parts head of tetrapyrrol the Porphyrin ring and a long hydrocarbon tail called phytol attached to the porphyrin group.

•  Chlorophyll molecule has a Mg-porphyrin head and an alcoholic phytol tail. Head is hydrophilic and phytol tail is hydrophobic in nature.

 

     PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS

         Chlorophyll a – C55H72O5N4Mg (CH3 group at IIIrd C of IInd pyrrole ring)

Chlorophyll b – C₅₅H₇₀O₆N₄Mg (CHO group at III^rd C of II^nd pyrrole)

Chlorophyll c – C₅₅H₃₂O₅N₄Mg,

Chlorophyll d – C₅₄H₇₀O₆N₄Mg,

Carotenes – C₄₀H₅₆

Xanthophylls – C₄₀H₅₆O₂.

·         Chlorophyll-a and carotenes are universal pigments, which are found in all O₂ liberating cells.

·         Chlorophylls are soluble only in organic solvents like ketones, ethers etc.

·         Stroma lamellae/stroma thylakoids lack PS II and enzyme NADP reductase.

·         By paper chromatography/chromatogram, produces different pigment colours which appear as:

·      Chlorophyll a - blue-green.

·      Chlorophyll b - yellow green.

·      Xanthophyll - yellow

·     Carotenoids - yellow to yellow – orange

 

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